oracle 的体系现在大的让人乍舌，刚接触上手的的人都不知道该怎么办，不知道从哪里入手。
我刚开始也是这样，一看脑袋都大了，直想吐了。
但我对付这种情况有一个屡战屡胜的方法就是抛开那些吓人的名词和概念，找到一个能够快速的，可以马上干活的东西就可以了。
譬如下面这样的一篇文章，谁用谁知道。在操作中不明白的东西那就查查具体的概念，有针对性的去学这样就可以了。
哈，不是有这么一句话吗？ “实践出真知”呀，只有边干边学，举一反三，反复的搞，oracle 的冰山也就慢慢的露出来了。
原文链接: http://bbs.chinaunix.net/viewthread.php?tid=1214080
第一章：日志管理
1.forcing log switches
sql> alter system switch logfile;
2.forcing checkpoints
sql> alter system checkpoint;
3.adding online redo log groups
sql> alter database add logfile [group 4]
sql> (‘/disk3/log4a.rdo’,'/disk4/log4b.rdo’) size 1m;
4.adding online redo log members
sql> alter database add logfile member
sql> ‘/disk3/log1b.rdo’ to group 1,
sql> ‘/disk4/log2b.rdo’ to group 2;
5.changes the name of the online redo logfile
sql> alter database rename file ‘c:/oracle/oradata/oradb/redo01.log’
sql> to ‘c:/oracle/oradata/redo01.log’;
6.drop online redo log groups
sql> alter database drop logfile group 3;
7.drop online redo log members
sql> alter database drop logfile member ‘c:/oracle/oradata/redo01.log’;
8.clearing online redo log files
sql> alter database clear [unarchived] logfile ‘c:/oracle/log2a.rdo’;
9.using logminer analyzing redo logfiles
a. in the init.ora specify utl_file_dir = ‘ ‘
b. sql> execute dbms_logmnr_d.build(‘oradb.ora’,'c:\oracle\oradb\log’);
c. sql> execute dbms_logmnr_add_logfile(‘c:\oracle\oradata\oradb\redo01.log’,
sql> dbms_logmnr.new);
d. sql> execute dbms_logmnr.add_logfile(‘c:\oracle\oradata\oradb\redo02.log’,
sql> dbms_logmnr.addfile);
e. sql> execute dbms_logmnr.start_logmnr(dictfilename=>;’c:\oracle\oradb\log\oradb.ora’);
f. sql> select * from v$logmnr_contents(v$logmnr_dictionary,v$logmnr_parameters
sql> v$logmnr_logs);
g. sql> execute dbms_logmnr.end_logmnr;
第二章：表空间管理
1.create tablespaces
sql> create tablespace tablespace_name datafile ‘c:\oracle\oradata\file1.dbf’ size 100m,
sql> ‘c:\oracle\oradata\file2.dbf’ size 100m minimum extent 550k [logging/nologging]
sql> default storage (initial 500k next 500k maxextents 500 pctinccease 0)
sql> [online/offline] [permanent/temporary] [extent_management_clause];
2.locally managed tablespace
sql> create tablespace user_data datafile ‘c:\oracle\oradata\user_data01.dbf’
sql> size 500m extent management local uniform size 10m;
3.temporary tablespace
sql> create temporary tablespace temp tempfile ‘c:\oracle\oradata\temp01.dbf’
sql> size 500m extent management local uniform size 10m;
4.change the storage setting
sql> alter tablespace app_data minimum extent 2m;
sql> alter tablespace app_data default storage(initial 2m next 2m maxextents 999);
5.taking tablespace offline or online
sql> alter tablespace app_data offline;
sql> alter tablespace app_data online;
6.read_only tablespace
sql> alter tablespace app_data read only|write;
7.droping tablespace
sql> drop tablespace app_data including contents;
8.enableing automatic extension of data files
sql> alter tablespace app_data add datafile ‘c:\oracle\oradata\app_data01.dbf’ size 200m
sql> autoextend on next 10m maxsize 500m;
9.change the size fo data files manually
sql> alter database datafile ‘c:\oracle\oradata\app_data.dbf’ resize 200m;
10.Moving data files: alter tablespace
sql> alter tablespace app_data rename datafile ‘c:\oracle\oradata\app_data.dbf’
sql> to ‘c:\oracle\app_data.dbf’;
11.moving data files:alter database
sql> alter database rename file ‘c:\oracle\oradata\app_data.dbf’
sql> to ‘c:\oracle\app_data.dbf’;
第三章：表
1.create a table
sql> create table table_name (column datatype,column datatype]….)
sql> tablespace tablespace_name [pctfree integer] [pctused integer]
sql> [initrans integer] [maxtrans integer]
sql> storage(initial 200k next 200k pctincrease 0 maxextents 50)
sql> [logging|nologging] [cache|nocache];
2.copy an existing table
sql> create table table_name [logging|nologging] as subquery;
3.create temporary table
sql> create global temporary table xay_temp as select * from xay;
on commit preserve rows/on commit delete rows
4.pctfree = (average row size – initial row size) *100 /average row size
pctused = 100-pctfree- (average row size*100/available data space)
5.change storage and block utilization parameter
sql> alter table table_name pctfree=30 pctused=50 storage(next 500k
sql> minextents 2 maxextents 100);
6.manually allocating extents
sql> alter table table_name allocate extent(size 500k datafile ‘c:/oracle/data.dbf’);
7.move tablespace
sql> alter table employee move tablespace users;
8.deallocate of unused space
sql> alter table table_name deallocate unused [keep integer];
9.truncate a table
sql> truncate table table_name;
10.drop a table
sql> drop table table_name [cascade constraints];
11.drop a column
sql> alter table table_name drop column comments cascade constraints checkpoint 1000;
alter table table_name drop columns continue;
12.mark a column as unused
sql> alter table table_name set unused column comments cascade constraints;
alter table table_name drop unused columns checkpoint 1000;
alter table orders drop columns continue checkpoint 1000
data_dictionary : dba_unused_col_tabs
第四章：索引
1.creating function-based indexes
sql> create index summit.item_quantity on summit.item(quantity-quantity_shipped);
2.create a B-tree index
sql> create [unique] index index_name on table_name(column,.. asc/desc) tablespace
sql> tablespace_name [pctfree integer] [initrans integer] [maxtrans integer]
sql> [logging | nologging] [nosort] storage(initial 200k next 200k pctincrease 0
sql> maxextents 50);
3.pctfree(index)=(maximum number of rows-initial number of rows)*100/maximum number of rows
4.creating reverse key indexes
sql> create unique index xay_id on xay(a) reverse pctfree 30 storage(initial 200k
sql> next 200k pctincrease 0 maxextents 50) tablespace indx;
5.create bitmap index
sql> create bitmap index xay_id on xay(a) pctfree 30 storage( initial 200k next 200k
sql> pctincrease 0 maxextents 50) tablespace indx;
6.change storage parameter of index
sql> alter index xay_id storage (next 400k maxextents 100);
7.allocating index space
sql> alter index xay_id allocate extent(size 200k datafile ‘c:/oracle/index.dbf’);
8.alter index xay_id deallocate unused;
第五章：约束
1.define constraints as immediate or deferred
sql> alter session set constraint[s] = immediate/deferred/default;
set constraint[s] constraint_name/all immediate/deferred;
2. sql> drop table table_name cascade constraints
sql> drop tablespace tablespace_name including contents cascade constraints
3. define constraints while create a table
sql> create table xay(id number(7) constraint xay_id primary key deferrable
sql> using index storage(initial 100k next 100k) tablespace indx);
primary key/unique/references table(column)/check
4.enable constraints
sql> alter table xay enable novalidate constraint xay_id;
5.enable constraints
sql> alter table xay enable validate constraint xay_id;
第六章：LOAD数据
1.loading data using direct_load insert
sql> insert /*+append */ into emp nologging
sql> select * from emp_old;
2.parallel direct-load insert
sql> alter session enable parallel dml;
sql> insert /*+parallel(emp,2) */ into emp nologging
sql> select * from emp_old;
3.using sql*loader
sql> sqlldr scott/tiger \
sql> control = ulcase6.ctl \
sql> log = ulcase6.log direct=true
第七章：reorganizing data
1.using expoty
$exp scott/tiger tables(dept,emp) file=c:\emp.dmp log=exp.log compress=n direct=y
2.using import
$imp scott/tiger tables(dept,emp) file=emp.dmp log=imp.log ignore=y
3.transporting a tablespace
sql>;alter tablespace sales_ts read only;
$exp sys/.. file=xay.dmp transport_tablespace=y tablespace=sales_ts
triggers=n constraints=n
$copy datafile
$imp sys/.. file=xay.dmp transport_tablespace=y datafiles=(/disk1/sles01.dbf,/disk2
/sles02.dbf)
sql> alter tablespace sales_ts read write;
4.checking transport set
sql> DBMS_tts.transport_set_check(ts_list =>;’sales_ts’ ..,incl_constraints=>;true);
在表transport_set_violations 中查看
sql> dbms_tts.isselfcontained 为true 是， 表示自包含
第八章： managing password security and resources
1.controlling account lock and password
sql> alter user juncky identified by oracle account unlock;
2.user_provided password function
sql> function_name(userid in varchar2(30),password in varchar2(30),
old_password in varchar2(30)) return boolean
3.create a profile : password setting
sql> create profile grace_5 limit failed_login_attempts 3
sql> password_lock_time unlimited password_life_time 30
sql>password_reuse_time 30 password_verify_function verify_function
sql> password_grace_time 5;
4.altering a profile
sql> alter profile default failed_login_attempts 3
sql> password_life_time 60 password_grace_time 10;
5.drop a profile
sql> drop profile grace_5 [cascade];
6.create a profile : resource limit
sql> create profile developer_prof limit sessions_per_user 2
sql> cpu_per_session 10000 idle_time 60 connect_time 480;
7. view =>; resource_cost : alter resource cost
dba_Users,dba_profiles
8. enable resource limits
sql> alter system set resource_limit=true;
第九章：Managing users
1.create a user: database authentication
sql> create user juncky identified by oracle default tablespace users
sql> temporary tablespace temp quota 10m on data password expire
sql> [account lock|unlock] [profile profilename|default];
2.change user quota on tablespace
sql> alter user juncky quota 0 on users;
3.drop a user
sql> drop user juncky [cascade];
4. monitor user
view: dba_users , dba_ts_quotas
第十章：managing privileges
1.system privileges: view =>; system_privilege_map ,dba_sys_privs,session_privs
2.grant system privilege
sql> grant create session,create table to managers;
sql> grant create session to scott with admin option;
with admin option can grant or revoke privilege from any user or role;
3.sysdba and sysoper privileges:
sysoper: startup,shutdown,alter database open|mount,alter database backup controlfile,
alter tablespace begin/end backup,recover database
alter database archivelog,restricted session
sysdba: sysoper privileges with admin option,create database,recover database until
4.password file members: view:=>; v$pwfile_users
5.O7_dictionary_accessibility =true restriction access to view or tables in other schema
6.revoke system privilege
sql> revoke create table from karen;
sql> revoke create session from scott;
7.grant object privilege
sql> grant execute on dbms_pipe to public;
sql> grant update(first_name,salary) on employee to karen with grant option;
8.display object privilege : view =>; dba_tab_privs, dba_col_privs
9.revoke object privilege
sql> revoke execute on dbms_pipe from scott [cascade constraints];
10.audit record view :=>; sys.aud$
11. protecting the audit trail
sql> audit delete on sys.aud$ by access;
12.statement auditing
sql> audit user;
13.privilege auditing
sql> audit select any table by summit by access;
14.schema object auditing
sql> audit lock on summit.employee by access whenever successful;
15.view audit option : view=>; all_def_audit_opts,dba_stmt_audit_opts,dba_priv_audit_opts,dba_obj_audit_opts
16.view audit result: view=>; dba_audit_trail,dba_audit_exists,dba_audit_object,dba_audit_session,dba_audit_statement
第十一章： manager role
1.create roles
sql> create role sales_clerk;
sql> create role hr_clerk identified by bonus;
sql> create role hr_manager identified externally;
2.modify role
sql> alter role sales_clerk identified by commission;
sql> alter role hr_clerk identified externally;
sql> alter role hr_manager not identified;
3.assigning roles
sql> grant sales_clerk to scott;
sql> grant hr_clerk to hr_manager;
sql> grant hr_manager to scott with admin option;
4.establish default role
sql> alter user scott default role hr_clerk,sales_clerk;
sql> alter user scott default role all;
sql> alter user scott default role all except hr_clerk;
sql> alter user scott default role none;
5.enable and disable roles
sql> set role hr_clerk;
sql> set role sales_clerk identified by commission;
sql> set role all except sales_clerk;
sql> set role none;
6.remove role from user
sql> revoke sales_clerk from scott;
sql> revoke hr_manager from public;
7.remove role
sql> drop role hr_manager;
8.display role information
view: =>;dba_roles,dba_role_privs,role_role_privs,dba_sys_privs,role_sys_privs,role_tab_privs,session_roles
第十二章: BACKUP and RECOVERY
1. v$sga,v$instance,v$process,v$bgprocess,v$database,v$datafile,v$sgastat
2. Rman need set dbwr_IO_slaves or backup_tape_IO_slaves and large_pool_size
3. Monitoring Parallel Rollback
>v$fast_start_servers , v$fast_start_transactions
4.perform a closed database backup (noarchivelog)
> shutdown immediate
> cp files /backup/
> startup
5.restore to a different location
> connect system/manager as sysdba
> startup mount
> alter database rename file ‘/disk1/../user.dbf’ to ‘/disk2/../user.dbf’;
> alter database open;
6.recover syntax
– recover a mounted database
sql> recover database;
sql> recover datafile ‘/disk1/data/df2.dbf’;
sql> alter database recover database;
–recover an opened database
sql> recover tablespace user_data;
sql>recover datafile 2;
>alter database recover datafile 2;
7.how to apply redo log files automatically
sql>set autorecovery on
sql>recover automatic datafile 4;
8.complete recovery:
–method 1(mounted databae)
>copy c:\backup\user.dbf c:\oradata\user.dbf
>startup mount
>recover datafile ‘c:\oradata\user.dbf;
>alter database open;
–method 2(opened database,initially opened,not system or rollback datafile)
>copy c:\backup\user.dbf c:\oradata\user.dbf (alter tablespace offline)
>recover datafile ‘c:\oradata\user.dbf’ or
>recover tablespace user_data;
>alter database datafile ‘c:\oradata\user.dbf’ online or
>alter tablespace user_data online;
–method 3(opened database,initially closed not system or rollback datafile)
>startup mount
>alter database datafile ‘c:\oradata\user.dbf’ offline;
>alter database open
>copy c:\backup\user.dbf d:\oradata\user.dbf
>alter database rename file ‘c:\oradata\user.dbf’ to ‘d:\oradata\user.dbf’
>recover datafile ‘e:\oradata\user.dbf’ or recover tablespace user_data;
>alter tablespace user_data online;
–method 4(loss of data file with no backup and have all archive log)
>alter tablespace user_data offline immediate;
>alter database create datafile ‘d:\oradata\user.dbf’ as ‘c:\oradata\user.dbf”
>recover tablespace user_data;
>alter tablespace user_data online
5.perform an open database backup
> alter tablespace user_data begin backup;
> copy files /backup/
> alter database datafile ‘/c:/../data.dbf’ end backup;
> alter system switch logfile;
6.backup a control file
> alter database backup controlfile to ‘control1.bkp’;
> alter database backup controlfile to trace;
7.recovery (noarchivelog mode)
> shutdown abort
> cp files
> startup
8.recovery of file in backup mode
>alter database datafile 2 end backup;
9.clearing redo log file
>alter database clear unarchived logfile group 1;
>alter database clear unarchived logfile group 1 unrecoverable datafile;
10.redo log recovery
>alter database add logfile group 3 ‘c:\oradata\redo03.log’ size 1000k;
>alter database drop logfile group 1;
>alter database open;
or >cp c:\oradata\redo02.log’ c:\oradata\redo01.log
>alter database clear logfile ‘c:\oradata\log01.log’;
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